Final answer:
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is based on his observations during his voyages, where he noted that finches had adapted to their specific environments.
Step-by-step explanation:
On his voyages, Charles Darwin observed that finches adapted to their specific environments, such as having long beaks for poking through bark. Based on these observations, Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that over time, the beak shape of the finches' ancestral species had changed and adapted to different food sources, resulting in the diverse beak shapes seen in the finch species today.