Final answer:
Humans differ from other primates through characteristics like hip structure supporting bipedalism, a non-separated big toe, advanced color vision, specialized brain structures for visual processing over olfactory processing, and a fully opposable thumb.
Step-by-step explanation:
Distinguishing Characteristics of Primates Not Found in Humans
Within the taxonomy of primates, humans have several distinguishing traits not shared with other primates. One of the primary characteristics distinct to humans is the hip structure supporting bipedalism. This allows humans to walk upright on two legs, which is different from the locomotion seen in other primates. The big toe in humans is not widely separated from the other toes as it is in non-human primates, which typically have a big toe suitable for gripping branches, aiding in their arboreal lifestyle.
Furthermore, while other primates have a strong reliance on stereoscopic vision for depth perception necessary in arboreal environments, humans have developed a more advanced capability for three-color vision along with a different brain architecture. The human brain has a considerably enlarged area associated with vision, and a reduced area dedicated to the sense of smell, highlighting the shift from olfactory to visual dominance in sensory processing.
Another human trait not shared with non-human primates is the presence of a fully opposable thumb, which gives a greater range of dexterity and precision grip. This has been central to the development of tool use and manipulation in humans.