Final answer:
Neanderthals can be compared to Homo sapiens in terms of brain size, body structure, habitat, and behavior. Neanderthals had a larger brain size and different brain organization, while Homo sapiens had advantages in terms of body structure and group size. Neanderthals were adapted to colder conditions and spread to the Middle East and Europe, while Homo sapiens initially stayed confined to Africa.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neanderthals can be compared to Homo sapiens in terms of brain size, body structure, habitat, and behavior. Neanderthals had a larger brain size, with an average of 1,520 cc compared to modern humans' 1200-1400 cc. However, brain size alone does not determine intelligence. Neanderthals had a less developed frontal region of the brain, which is responsible for speech and language. They also had a more developed back region that dealt with the senses, possibly as an adaptation for hunting in harsh conditions. In terms of body structure, Neanderthals were physically larger and stronger than Homo sapiens. They had distinctive anatomical characteristics such as larger brow ridges and an occipital bun at the back of the skull. Neanderthals were adapted to colder conditions and spread to regions like the Middle East and Europe. They congregated in small groups and likely interacted for breeding purposes. Homo sapiens, on the other hand, were weaker and initially confined to Africa. However, they had advantages such as longer limbs and the ability to form larger groups of up to 100 individuals. As conditions warmed, Homo sapiens spread to the Middle East and Europe, where they interbred with Neanderthals and eventually replaced them. They had a more developed frontal region of the brain, allowing for complex cognitive skills like speech and language. In terms of habitat, Neanderthals were able to survive in colder conditions and Homo sapiens gradually spread worldwide.