Final answer:
Deviance is any behavior that violates societal norms, and it varies widely across cultures and contexts, with no single theory to explain all types. Sociological paradigms, such as functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory, provide frameworks to understand different aspects and causes of deviant behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
Deviance refers to behaviors or actions that violate the cultural, social, or legal norms of a society or group. The types and causes of deviance are diverse, and there is no single theory that can explain all manifestations of deviant behavior. Sociological perspectives provide different explanations for deviance and crime, such as the three major paradigms: functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory.
Functionalists view deviance as a necessary part of society that reinforces norms and can inspire positive social change. Theories under this paradigm, like strain theory and social disorganization theory, suggest that social structures may pressure individuals into deviant behavior.
Conflict theorists view deviance as arising from socioeconomic inequalities within a society. They argue that laws and norms reflect the interests of those in power, leading to a system where the wealthy and powerful can enforce standards that keep others in subordinate positions.