Final answer:
Two key types of deviance in the constructionist approach are primary and secondary deviance, where primary deviance does not deeply affect an individual's self-image, while secondary deviance can lead to a change in behavior and self-concept due to societal labeling.
Step-by-step explanation:
The constructionist approach to deviance recognizes two key types: primary deviance and secondary deviance.
Primary deviance involves norm violations that do not impact an individual's self-concept or societal interactions in a lasting way. For instance, getting a speeding ticket typically doesn't alter someone's self-image or cause others to view them negatively.
In contrast, secondary deviance occurs when an individual's self-concept and behavior begin to change as a result of being labeled as deviant by society. This transformation can lead to a stronger commitment to deviant behavior.
Deviance is considered a violation of social norms, which can fluctuate based on cultural and societal context. Sociologists explore different theories like functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory to understand the motivations and implications of deviant behavior within a society.
Actions classified as deviant can lead to social change and are not always negatively viewed. Sanctions, whether formal or informal, are utilized to maintain social control and limit deviant behavior. The perception of deviance and crime can shift over time and vary widely based on laws, social guidelines, and individual interpretations.