Final answer:
The band form of organization is most closely associated with the gathering and hunting mode of production, as described by anthropologist Elman Service.
Step-by-step explanation:
The band form of organization most characterizes the gathering and hunting mode of production. Anthropologist Elman Service identified four main forms of social organization: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state, with each linked to specific subsistence patterns. Bands are associated with gathering and hunting, reflecting small-scale societies that have no formal political structure and where resources are shared among members. In comparison, the tribal form of organization, which is larger and involves extended families, is associated with pastoralism and horticulture.