Final answer:
Behavioral complexity likely began with the creation of material culture and is linked to the emergence of language. Neanderthals showed evidence of symbolic thinking through painted caves and interbreeding with Homo sapiens. Paleolithic cave paintings were more than art; they were part of a supernatural belief system.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question on the origins of behavioral complexity and evidence for symbolism in Neanderthals is steeped in the field of anthropology and prehistoric studies, touching upon the history and biology of early human species. Behavioral complexity is thought to have begun when hominins started creating material culture, like stone tools, which also gave rise to the hypothesis that these skills were related to the emergence of language. There is also evidence supporting the presence of symbolism and perhaps even spirituality among early modern humans, as seen in cave paintings that contain not only representations of animals but also abstract symbols.
Regarding Neanderthals, recent findings have begun to challenge the view that they lacked symbolic thinking. For instance, discoveries of painted cave structures, ornamental objects, and potentially intentional burials hint at their ability to engage in symbolic activities. Additionally, archaeological findings such as the interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens support the idea that they shared more complex behaviors.
Turning to why Paleolithic cave paintings might not have been created solely for visual admiration, researchers consider these artworks part of a larger supernatural belief system, potentially related to animism or shamanism. Such creations would serve higher purposes than aesthetic enjoyment, like ensuring successful hunting or symbolizing fertility.