Final answer:
Homophobia is the irrational fear or discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals. It is part of a larger pattern of heterosexism that offers systemic advantages to heterosexuals. Efforts to counteract these biases include legislative changes and advocacy from rights organizations. The correct option is C.
Step-by-step explanation:
Homophobia is defined as an irrational fear, aversion, or discrimination against homosexual people or those perceived to be LGBTQ+. It stems from a variety of factors including societal norms, misinformation, and entrenched prejudices such as heterosexism—the ideological and institutional preference of heterosexuality over other orientations.
This discrimination manifests in various forms, including hate crimes, anti-LGBTQ legislation, and subtle biases in areas like employment, health care, and education.
Much like racism and sexism, heterosexism represents a systemic advantage for heterosexuals embedded within our society's institutions, creating obstacles for those who do not conform. Efforts to combat these prejudices have included the homophile movement and contemporary advocacy from groups such as GLAAD.
Legislation like the repeal of "don't ask, don't tell" and the ongoing push for the Employee Non-Discrimination Act is indicative of shifts in policy towards greater equality.
Institutional and cultural changes continue to evolve, aiming to reduce the persistence of homophobia. However, the presence of internalized homophobia and heteronormativity reveals the complexity of these social issues, highlighting the need for continued awareness, education, and advocacy to create a more equitable society for all sexual orientations.