Final answer:
Cosmopolitanism theory challenges people to become closer to 'others' (option C), encouraging a sense of global citizenship and an appreciation for cultural diversity beyond one's immediate cultural or national group.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theory of Cosmopolitanism promotes the idea that individuals should define themselves primarily as citizens of the world rather than being confined to a particular nation or culture. The emphasis is on embracing global citizenship over national or local identities.
This global perspective includes an understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity both within one's own society and around the world. By engaging with various cultures, we become better at understanding our own, as well as others'.
Cosmopolitanism challenges individuals to aspire to a greater openness towards cultural differences and foster relationships that transcend local or national boundaries.
Answering the student's question, Cosmopolitanism theory challenges people to become closer to (c) "others", meaning people outside their immediate cultural or national group.
This challenge is about expanding one's circle of understanding and empathy towards a broader range of human experiences and perspectives.
This engagement with 'others' is essential in cultivating a global consciousness and addressing worldwide issues such as climate change, social inequalities, and cultural understanding.
The modern dilemma for many people, such as the Maori in New Zealand, lies in balancing the pull towards heritage with the push towards a cosmopolitan lifestyle.
Moreover, while it's important to maintain pride in one's own culture, it does not entail imposing one's cultural values on others. Similarly, appreciating and critically studying another culture is part of being cosmopolitan without losing sight of one's cultural relativism.