Final answer:
A random sample is a representative subset from a larger population with equal selection chances for all its members, often obtained via methods like simple random sampling using a random number generator.
Step-by-step explanation:
A random sample is a subset of individuals chosen from a larger population where each member has an equal chance of being selected. This approach helps ensure that the sample is representative of the entire population, which is critical for obtaining valid and generalizable results.
There are various methods of acquiring a random sample, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. In simple random sampling, for instance, each member of a population could be assigned a number and then selected through a random number generator. This process allows each possible sample of the same size to have an equal chance of being chosen.
In practice, this means that characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level in the sample should reflect those in the larger population to prevent bias and allow for accurate inferences about the whole population based on the sample data.