Final answer:
The excavation technique is stratigraphy, a method used to analyze sequential layers in caves to determine the historical sequence of events. It is essential for archaeologists during a controlled excavation, where artifacts are carefully recorded and preserved, allowing for accurate interpretation and dating of the findings.
Step-by-step explanation:
This excavation technique mentioned in the question refers to stratigraphy, which is often used within cavities such as caves to sample deposits. The technique acts as a slice of time by examining the sequential layers of sediment or cultural debris, where the deeper layers are typically older than the ones above due to the law of superposition. This form of archaeological stratification is fundamental in revealing the chronological sequence of human activity and environmental changes within a specific location.
When archaeologists prepare a site for excavation, they may use a grid system to divide the area and meticulously record the findings, ensuring that artifacts are documented in situ before removal. Controlled excavations are carried out with precision, using tools such as trowels and toothbrushes to carefully reveal and preserve the items found. The mapping of artifacts and features, along with collecting soil samples for further studies, such as pollen analysis, forms an integral part of the archaeological process.