Final answer:
Modernization refers to the processes that lead to the development and advancement of societies, particularly in terms of technology and infrastructure. Five sub-processes involved in modernization are industrialization, urbanization, secularization, economic development, and social change.
Step-by-step explanation:
Modernization refers to the processes that lead to the development and advancement of societies, particularly in terms of technology and infrastructure. There are several sub-processes involved in modernization:
- Industrialization: The shift from an agricultural-based economy to one dominated by industry and manufacturing. This involves the adoption of new technologies and increased productivity.
- Urbanization: The growth of cities and the migration of people from rural areas to urban centers. Urbanization is often associated with the concentration of economic and cultural activities.
- Secularization: The decline in the influence of religion on society and the increasing importance of secular values and institutions.
- Economic Development: The improvement of living standards and economic growth through increased production, trade, and globalization.
- Social Change: The transformation of social structures, norms, and values as a result of modernization. This includes changes in gender roles, family structures, education systems, and social hierarchies.
These sub-processes are interconnected and contribute to the overall process of modernization in societies around the world.