Final answer:
According to Bergmann's rule, short, stocky people are normally found in colder climates, as their body proportions are more efficient at conserving heat. Allen's rule further complements this by illustrating that longer extremities are more common in animals from hotter climates, improving heat dissipation. Human populations have historically gravitated towards Type C moderate climates due to resource abundance.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Bergmann's rule, short, stocky people normally live in colder climates. This ecogeographic rule states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic group, populations or species of larger size are found in colder environments. The increased body mass in proportion to surface area in these individuals helps to conserve body heat in cold climates. Conversely, Allen's rule notes that animals living in hotter climates generally have longer extremities, which aid in dissipating body heat.
Type C or Moderate or Temperate Climates are characterized by moderate temperatures and successful human habitation. However, the short, stocky body types as described by Bergmann's rule are more commonly adapted to live in colder environments such as the Alpine Regions, which have a cool, wet summer and a cold, very snowy winter.
Additionally, the impact of climate on human evolution and sociology is significant. Early humans forming communities in challenging climates had to rely heavily on each other, while those in more temperate climates could develop permanent settlements and a richer cultural life. Today, most of the world's population lives in Type C climates due to the abundance of resources such as forests, farmland, and fresh water.