Final answer:
Speech patterns are associated with socio-economic status through factors such as early language exposure, vocabulary size, and societal perceptions of standard versus non-standard language, which can affect an individual's opportunities and reinforce social stratification.
Step-by-step explanation:
Speech patterns are strongly associated with an individual's socio-economic status in a variety of ways. These patterns can manifest through the quantity and quality of language exposure and development from a young age. For instance, research has shown that middle- and high-income families tend to speak to their children more frequently and use more words, resulting in a larger vocabulary and better linguistic skills in their children compared to low-income families. This discrepancy in early language exposure can lead to significant differences in educational outcomes and the perpetuation of socio-economic inequalities.
In addition, certain speech patterns and uses of language are perceived to be linked with professional or elite groups and may function as gatekeepers in social mobility. Variations from standard English, often found in communities of color, may not align with what is traditionally considered professional, affecting individuals' opportunities in education and employment.