Final answer:
Neanderthal automorphies include an oblong skull shape, brow ridges, large nasal cavity, worn incisors, robust humerus, and broad scapula.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neanderthal automorphies are unique physical features that distinguish Neanderthals from other human species. Six commonly recognized Neanderthal automorphies include:
- Oblong skull shape: Neanderthals had elongated skulls with a characteristic occipital bun at the back.
- Brow ridges: They had prominent brow ridges, which were not solid bone and created an air cavity.
- Large nasal cavity: Neanderthals had a larger nasal cavity compared to modern humans.
- Worn incisors: Their front teeth showed a rounded pattern of wear, especially in older individuals.
- Robust humerus: They possessed a robust upper arm bone, indicating well-developed rotator cuff muscles and the ability to throw projectiles and use spears.
- Broad scapula: Neanderthals had broad shoulder blades, suggesting well-developed shoulder muscles.