Final answer:
According to the doctrine of predestination, it is true that a person's fate regarding salvation or is predetermined by God from the time of their birth. This doctrine has major implications for beliefs about morality, divine justice, and personal responsibility within religious contexts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement regarding sin having consequences only for believers in this present life is not entirely accurate in the context of religious beliefs. Many religious doctrines, including Christianity, suggest that the consequences of sin can extend beyond this life, affecting one's afterlife or spiritual state. For instance, in Christianity, it is often taught that sin without repentance can lead to eternal consequences beyond mere temporal effects.
Addressing the specific question of predestination, according to the doctrine of predestination, a person's ultimate fate (salvation or) is predetermined by God. This means the answer to whether a person was either saved or from the time of their birth according to the doctrine of predestination is True (a).
The belief in predestination significantly impacts notions of morality, divine justice, and personal responsibility in life. It raises questions about free will and the nature of God's sovereignty.