Final answer:
The question explores the philosophical debate on free will versus determinism, highlighting Kant's view on human rationality and moral agency, the existentialist notion of unavoidable freedom, and the implications of these ideas on moral responsibility and the value of human life.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question of whether we were created as rational beings with a certain amount of volition or free will, pertains to a longstanding philosophical debate. According to Immanuel Kant's normative moral theory, humans are distinct from other animals due to our capacity for rational thought and moral reasoning. We have the ability, unlike animals driven by impulse, to make decisions independently of our desires and thus exercise agency. Kant's concept of "goodwill" refers to our aspiration to transcend our passions and biases to act rationally and morally, affirming our freedom and dignity.
However, the idea of free will is challenged by the presence of evil, suggesting human agency, and by philosophical and religious notions like a divine first mover, which imply predetermined outcomes. The apparent freedom we experience when making choices is at odds with the deterministic view of the universe that all physical events, including human actions, are influenced by prior states. This leads to questions about moral responsibility and the basis for accountability if our actions are not truly free. The debate between determinism and free will also touches on issues of law, ethics, and individual autonomy.
In the existentialist view, exemplified by Jean-Paul Sartre, humans are "condemned to be free," implying an inescapable burden of choice in all aspects of life, even when faced with a lack of definitive knowledge or the illusions provided by faith. This radical freedom is a common theme in existentialist thought, putting the onus of responsibility and moral decisions squarely on the individual.
Whether the rational ability itself justifies moral status or if our inherent human nature is sufficient, the concept underscores the value and dignity of all humans, irrespective of the development of their rational capabilities. This perspective also bears on discussions about the rights and treatment of those who have not fully developed rational agency, such as children or the unborn.
Questions to Consider:
- How can people freely choose their paths if their destiny is predetermined?
- What implications does the lack of free will have on responsibility and accountability?
- How should society deal with criminal behavior if it's the result of uncontrollable factors?
- What is the role of fate in human affairs?