Final answer:
Ethnography differs from other research methods by focusing on the perspective and experiences of community members, with the researcher immersing themselves into the community's daily life and culture.
Step-by-step explanation:
The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is that ethnography focuses on how subjects view themselves in relationship to the community (option d). Unlike other research methods like surgery research, which might be highly structured and aim to test specific hypotheses, ethnography relies on the immersion of researchers into the lives and culture of the community being studied. Ethnography is not just about observing but also about experiencing and interpreting the cultural dynamics of a social group from an insider perspective.
Ethnographers strive to see the world through the eyes of others, to understand their social standings, cultural norms, values, and practices. This method is intimately tied to the notion of participant observation, where researchers sometimes live alongside the community members, adopting their ways of life to gain deeper insights. Ethnographic research can result in "good enough ethnography" which acknowledges the personal background and biases of the researcher but also seeks ethical and collaborative means to represent the culture and social relationships within a community.