Final answer:
The individuals that belong to the same patrilineage, which traces descent through the male line, are 'c. Father and son', as they are directly connected through the father's lineage.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of patrilineage involves tracing descent through the male line. When determining lineal descent, a distinction is made between different forms of lineage systems, such as patrilineal, matrilineal, and ambilineal descent. In the context of patrilineage, the individuals who trace their ancestry or lineage through the father's side belong to the same patrilineage.
In the specific context of the question, the answer is 'c. Father and son' because they share the same patrilineal line, meaning their descent is traced through the line of the father. Brothers and sisters could potentially share a patrilineage, but the inclusion of sisters in the sibling group makes 'a' a less specific answer in strict terms of patrilineal descent, which focuses on male ancestors. Cousins on the mother's side 'b' and Maternal grandparents 'd' relate to matrilineal descent, which traces lineage through the mother's side and therefore does not fit the definition of patrilineage.