Final answer:
The four competencies by Canale and Swain are Grammatical, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, and Strategic competence, and they represent the various aspects of the knowledge and skills necessary for effective communication in a language.
Step-by-step explanation:
The four competencies according to Canale and Swain are Grammatical, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, and Strategic competence. These competencies are essential for communication and are part of a model used to describe the knowledge and skills needed for effective language use. Grammatical competence encompasses knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology, and the lexicon. Sociolinguistic competence involves understanding the social context in which language is used, including roles, norms, and conventions. Discourse competence relates to the ability to construct coherent spoken or written texts. Lastly, Strategic competence refers to the use of communication strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication or to enhance the effectiveness of communication.