Final answer:
The Andes Mountains are the mountain range that passes through Argentina and Chile, containing peaks such as Mount Aconcagua and influencing climate in the region.
Step-by-step explanation:
The mountain range that passes through Argentina and Chile is the Andes Mountains. These mountains are the longest continuous mountain range in the world and dominate the physical geography of South America, extending from Venezuela to southern Chile. The Andes are notable for having several peaks that are beyond 20,000 feet in elevation. Additionally, the region around the Andes has diverse climates, ranging from type A climates at the base to type H highland climates with varying temperatures at different elevations.
In Argentina, the Andes span the entire western border with Chile and contain the highest peak in the Western Hemisphere, Mount Aconcagua, at 22,841 feet. On the Chilean side, the Andes influence the region's climate, creating wet conditions on the western slopes and a rain shadow effect that leads to arid conditions in parts like Patagonia in southern Argentina. Given this information, the correct answer is B) Andes Mountains.