Final answer:
In tribal societies, a 'big man' is a wealthy and influential individual who gains respect and leadership not through formal authority but through generosity, the distribution of wealth, and service to the community.
Step-by-step explanation:
In tribal societies, a "big man" refers to an informal leader who gains power not due to physical stature or formal positions, but through the accumulation of wealth, sponsorship of feasts, and assisting young men pay bride wealth. This type of leadership is based on persuasion and the respect of the community rather than on coercion. A big man must also exhibit traits of generosity and service to the community, ensuring the equitable distribution of wealth, as selfishness is looked down upon.
While chiefs in more centralized societies like chiefdoms and states have formal and hereditary roles of leadership with coercive power, big men in societies such as bands and lineage orders rely on their persuasive abilities and personal qualities to lead. Generosity, proficiency in verbal skills, and the ability to settle disputes also play significant roles in maintaining their status.
The role of a big man is distinctive in that while wealth accumulation is necessary, what is more critical is how that wealth is used to benefit the community at large. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is C) A wealthy and influential individual.