Final answer:
Primates use several methods to communicate without language, including visual signals like gestures and facial expressions, physical touch such as grooming and embracing to build social connections, as well as vocalizations and scent marking.
Step-by-step explanation:
Primates communicate using a variety of methods aside from language. One significant way is through visual cues such as gestures and facial expressions. For instance, a male chimpanzee might raise his arms and deliver a stern look to signify a warning to another male, indicating he should maintain his distance. Additionally, a chimpanzee baring teeth, which could resemble a smile to humans, is actually an expression of fear, signaling submission to others in the group.
Another form of non-verbal communication in primates includes the use of touch. Activities such as grooming and embracing are critical in establishing social bonds and hierarchies within groups. Grooming, touching the shoulder or the base of the tail, and other affectionate gestures like lip contact and embracing are common in many primates such as the Indian langur and the great apes, forming an integral part of their social structure and interactions.
Finally, monkeys and other primates also rely on vocalizations and the use of scent to convey messages to one another. While these don't constitute a structured language per se, they are crucial for communication and are part of a broad array of communicative behaviors that primates exhibit.