Final answer:
The two types of Direct Participation Programs in environmental conservation are community-based natural resource management and Direct payments for ecosystem services. These programs aim to involve local communities in conservation efforts and offer economic incentives for eco-friendly practices, differing from past Integrated Conservation and Development Projects that had weaker conservation outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two types of Direct Participation Programs (DPPs) in environmental conservation are community-based natural resource management and Direct payments for ecosystem services. Community-based natural resource management programs focus on involving local communities in the stewardship and management of natural resources, aiming to empower them while simultaneously protecting the environment. Meanwhile, Direct payments for ecosystem services are a market-based approach where economic incentives are provided to landowners or communities in exchange for managing their land in ways that provide ecological benefits, such as preserving biodiversity or carbon sequestration.
In the past, Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) were prevalent, attempting to combine the needs of local communities with the need for conservation. However, research suggested these projects often failed because the benefits provided were not strongly linked to conservation outcomes. A stronger emphasis on creating direct linkages between conservation actions and benefits to the local population is now seen as a more effective approach.