Final answer:
Genetic variation during meiosis is achieved through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization, which all contribute to the diversity of offspring from the same two parents.
Step-by-step explanation:
The processes that lead to genetic variation during meiosis are crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization. During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over occurs between homologous non-sister chromatids, facilitating the reciprocal exchange of equivalent DNA segments. This recombination creates new combinations of maternal and paternal genes, contributing to genetic diversity. The independent assortment of chromosomes during metaphase I leads to a random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes, further increasing variation. Lastly, random fertilization enhances genetic variability by the unpredictable combination of gametes from each parent.