Final answer:
Physiological methods of either producing or retaining body heat include shivering, a reduced metabolic rate, vasodilation, and sweating.
Step-by-step explanation:
Physiological methods of either producing or retaining body heat include:
- Shivering: Shivering is the rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles, which generates heat in the body.
- A reduced metabolic rate: When the metabolic rate decreases, it helps to conserve energy and retain body heat.
- Vasodilation: Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which brings more blood to the skin's surface and helps to release excess body heat.
- Sweating: Sweating is the process of releasing body heat through evaporative cooling.