Final answer:
All the listed options (fossilized firewood, tree ring data, weapons used by premodern armies, remnants of medieval clothing) are legitimate types of archaeological evidence that aid in studying the past by offering information on human activities and environmental conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks about types of archaeological evidence that do not contribute to our study of the past. When considering the provided options (fossilized firewood, tree ring data, weapons used by premodern armies remnants of medieval clothing) all these items are indeed valuable archaeological evidence that helps us understand historical contexts and practices.
However there is typically a hierarchy in terms of the accuracy and richness of information they provide. Written records are often favored for the clarity they offer, but in the absence of writing artifacts and ecological residues become the primary sources for reconstruction of past events. Whether it is stratigraphic changes indicating the shift to agriculture during the Neolithic period or pottery spread across regions hinting at trade these are all content-loaded clues to past civilizations and their ways of life.