Final answer:
Short and long-term energy intake in the body is regulated by energy homeostasis, which is influenced by the brain's hunger and satiety signals, a person's basal metabolic rate, and physical activity such as exercise.
Step-by-step explanation:
The body regulates short and long-term energy intake through a balance known as energy homeostasis, which is the equilibrium between the energy consumed in food and the energy expended through metabolism and physical activity. Specifically, hunger and satiety signals are integrated in the brain, primarily by the hypothalamus, to control when we feel the need to eat and when we feel full. Other factors influencing energy intake include basal metabolic rate, which varies among individuals, and the impact of activity such as exercise.
Exercise plays a dual role in managing energy intake by both suppressing the appetite due to hormonal and chemical changes during physical activity, and by burning calories which can induce a sense of hunger post-exercise, typically for healthier food choices. Additionally, the availability and cost of food, cultural and family influences, along with education, can affect dietary habits as well.