Final answer:
Hunter-gatherer societies, as described by Sahlins, are characterized by mobility, a sexual division of labor, and egalitarian social structures. Mobility allows for seasonal movement following resources, which is critical for their survival. The sexual division of labor ensures women's significant role in gathering, and egalitarianism reflects a social order where status is based on skill and personality rather than material wealth.
Step-by-step explanation:
Basic Institutionalized Features of Hunter-Gatherer Societies
According to Marshall Sahlins, hunter-gatherer societies are characterized by certain institutionalized features that define their culture and subsistence patterns. These societies are considered the oldest form of human social organization, enduring for tens of thousands of years before the advent of agriculture.
Mobility and Territorial Use
One of the fundamental characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies is their mobility. Bands move seasonally following the availability of resources. This nomadic lifestyle is crucial for their survival, as it allows them to exploit various areas for food and other necessities. Social bonds and kinship facilitate permission to utilize neighboring territories when resources are scarce, highlighting the importance of inter-group relations.
Sexual Division of Labor
Sexual division of labor is another key feature, with men typically assuming hunting roles and both genders participating in gathering, though sometimes focusing on different resources. Women’s contribution is significant in these societies, given that they often provide a substantial portion of the daily caloric intake through gathered foods.
Egalitarian Social Structures
The social structure of hunter-gatherer groups tends to be egalitarian. With no fixed hierarchical system, decisions and leadership roles are often made spontaneously and are based on individual skills and attributes rather than wealth or possessions. Status is more fluid and predominately associated with individual abilities and social relationships rather than material wealth.
Overall, while there is great diversity among hunter-gatherer societies, these features of mobility, sexual division of labor, and egalitarianism are seen as typical within this mode of subsistence.