Final answer:
According to Hebrews 11:2, the elders obtained a good testimony through faith. Martin Luther's interpretation of the Bible led to the principle of faith alone for salvation, differing from the Catholic emphasis on good works.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Hebrews 11:2, it is by faith that the elders obtained a good testimony. This aligns with the teachings of Martin Luther, who advocated the principle of faith alone for salvation, a concept which stood in contrast to the Catholic Church's emphasis on good works for earning one's place in heaven. While the Catholic Church taught that humans could influence their salvation through good works, Martin Luther found solace in St. Paul's words, "The just shall live by faith" (Romans 1:17), interpreting this to mean that faith alone was the key to salvation and that God's grace cannot be earned.
In Islamic teaching, as per the quote from the Quran (Q. 2.62), both faith in God and good works contribute to receiving rewards from the Lord. This shows a different perspective on the relationship between faith, works, and salvation. However, addressing the specific biblical reference in question, the answer is a) Faith.