Final answer:
The correct answer is option c) Counter-Reformation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Roman Catholic doctrine developed considerably during the period of the Counter-Reformation. This era, also referred to as the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ended with the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). It was a comprehensive movement that addressed the spread of Protestantism and included various elements such as structural reconfigurations within the Church, the creation of new religious orders like the Jesuits, spiritual movements, and political reforms, aiming to reinforce the Church's doctrine and practice.
The Counter-Reformation resulted in significant changes; the catechism was standardized, forbidden books were outlined, new churches were established, and the clergy was urged towards greater piety and austerity. This effort helped define the Roman Catholic Church as distinct from the Protestant faiths that had emerged. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is: c) Counter-Reformation.