Final answer:
Gnosticism emphasized the contradictions between human reason and divine revelation, holding beliefs in secret knowledge and a material world created by a lesser divinity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that emphasized contradictions between human reason and divine revelation is b) Gnosticism. Gnosticism is an ancient religious movement that espoused the belief in a secret knowledge (gnosis) for salvation. It largely viewed the material world as created by a lesser divinity and in conflict with the divine realm, thus creating a distinct contrast and contradiction with human reason and the concept of a single all-powerful divine being in mainstream Christianity.