Final answer:
The correct answer is option d) Aestheticism.
Step-by-step explanation:
Victorian poets, building upon Romanticism, embraced aestheticism, which is the idea that art should be judged purely by its beauty and form rather than by any underlying moral or political message. This movement was a shift from the earlier Romantic preoccupation with nature, emotion, and individualism towards a focus on art's own beauty and the experience it provides, independent of external considerations.
As Victorian poets encountered the realities of industrialization, they often turned to aestheticism as a kind of refuge or as a way to assert the primacy of art and beauty in a rapidly changing world.