Final answer:
Duncan most likely experienced (b) enhanced understanding and retention of material due to the conversation with friends based on the Psychology of Learning lecture. Discussions help deepen information processing and consolidate memory, as well as fostering intrinsic motivation and a positive learning community.
Step-by-step explanation:
Based on the Psychology of Learning lecture, Duncan would MOST likely experience enhanced understanding and retention of the material as a result of the conversation with his friends after class. Engaging in discussions about the material allows for a deeper processing of information, which is beneficial for memory consolidation. It can allow students to clarify any confusion, relate new knowledge to existing knowledge, and reinforce their understanding through the social context of the discussion.
Furthermore, the discussion could help in creating a positive learning environment, boosting intrinsic motivation and developing a sense of community among peers, all of which are important aspects of a conducive learning atmosphere. According to research, a classroom that emphasizes respect for ideas and collaboration can increase a student's intrinsic motivation to learn, which could potentially lead to better academic performance and cognitive engagement with the material.
Therefore, it is unlikely that Duncan would experience increased test anxiety, decreased motivation to study, or a decrease in social relationships as a result of this knowledge-sharing conversation.