Final answer:
Biological factors threatening food security include climate change affecting crop productivity, biodiversity loss diminishing ecosystem services, and biological invasions disrupting ecosystems. Additionally, unsustainable management of aquatic resources poses a risk to protein supply from fisheries.
Step-by-step explanation:
Biological factors that can threaten food security include various challenges. The most significant threat in recent decades has been climate change, which affects the productivity of crops by altering the patterns of weather, increasing extreme events like droughts and floods, and disrupting the predictability of growing seasons. This can lead to harvest failures and threatens the livelihoods of agricultural producers and the food security of entire communities.
Another factor is the loss of biodiversity, which includes the loss of crop diversity and the wild relatives of crops. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like pollination, nutrient cycling, pest control, and soil development. Without biodiversity, these ecosystem services may diminish, making food production more costly or even impossible.
Moreover, biological invasions by non-native species, including plants, animals, or pathogens, pose environmental and economic threats that can lead to biodiversity loss and affect food production. Lastly, overfishing and the unsustainable management of aquatic food sources can threaten the supply of protein from fisheries, essential for human nutrition.