Final answer:
A bone marrow biopsy is a diagnostic test where a red bone marrow sample is collected to help diagnose and treat severe anemias and cancers, such as leukemia. Modern techniques may allow for the sampling of stem cells from blood, reducing discomfort. A bone marrow transplant replaces faulty marrow with healthy donor marrow for various life-threatening diseases.
Step-by-step explanation:
A bone marrow biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that involves the collection of a sample of red bone marrow for analysis. This medical test helps diagnose and treat various conditions, such as severe anemias like thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia, and cancers, particularly leukemia. It was traditionally done by inserting a needle into the iliac crest, but it has been known to cause discomfort or pain. Modern advancements now often allow for stem cells to be isolated from a patient's blood instead of directly from bone marrow, reducing the need for invasive procedures.
In cases where a patient's bone marrow is damaged or diseased, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary. During transplant, a donor's healthy bone marrow, containing stem cells, is used to replace the patient's faulty marrow. These transplants are a critical therapeutic option for several life-threatening diseases, which were once considered untreatable. They have changed the prognosis for many patients suffering from serious blood disorders and malignancies.