Final answer:
Classical Conditioning is the learning method that conditions new stimuli to existing responses, such as in Pavlov's experiment with dogs, and is different from operant conditioning and observational learning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The learning method that involves the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses is known as Classical Conditioning. This type of learning is a form of associative learning where organisms learn to associate two events that repeatedly occur together. For example, in Pavlov's famous experiment, he showed how dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, a neutral stimulus when it was paired repeatedly with the presentation of food, an unconditioned stimulus that naturally and reflexively elicited salivation.
Operant conditioning is another form of associative learning, but instead of pairing two stimuli, it involves learning the association between a behavior and its consequence. Observational learning involves learning by watching others and then imitating their behavior. Cognitive development, on the other hand, refers to how an individual's thought, intelligence, and language processes change throughout their life.