Final answer:
The missing value for undefined mathematical values is NaN (Not a Number), and the missing value for missing or non-existent data is NA (Not Available). The correct response is 'A. NaN, NA'.
Step-by-step explanation:
The missing value used for undefined mathematical values is NaN (Not a Number), and the missing value used for "everything else", typically in data analysis contexts where data may be missing or not applicable, is NA (Not Available or Not Applicable).
Thus, the correct answer is A. NaN, NA. The concept of NaN originates from the IEEE standard for floating-point arithmetic, and it is used to represent a value that does not represent a real number, such as a result of 0/0 or ∞ - ∞ (infinity minus infinity).
NA, on the other hand, is commonly used in statistics and data analysis to indicate that a data point is missing or not recorded. While NaN is a specific floating-point value that indicates an undefined or unrepresentable value in numeric calculations, NA is a generic marker used to denote missing or non-existent data in various data structures.