Final answer:
Normal stroke volume ranges from 55-100 mL for a resting individual, and normal cardiac output typically ranges from 4.0-8.0 liters per minute. Stroke volume is influenced by several physiological factors, and cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question focuses on understanding the hemodynamic parameters: specifically, normal values for stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO). Stroke volume is the quantity of blood the heart pumps out with each beat, while cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. To calculate CO, you multiply the heart rate (HR), measured in beats per minute (bpm), by the SV.
A normal SV for a resting 70-kg (150-lb) individual is about 70 mL, with a normal range of 55-100 mL. This value is influenced by factors like heart size, the individual's physical and mental state, sex, contractility of the heart, and preload or end-diastolic volume (EDV), as well as afterload or systemic vascular resistance. The average resting heart rate is approximately 75 bpm but can vary from 60-100 bpm in some individuals.
The resulting normal cardiac output for a person at rest is typically in the range of 4.0-8.0 liters per minute. This calculation is based on multiplying the SV by the HR ('CO = HR × SV'). Factors that can affect CO include neural and endocrine influences, and environmental factors like electrolyte balance.