Final answer:
An aggrieved party may bring a private enforcement action in state or federal court if it involves a federal question, diversity of citizenship, or a constitutional rights violation, with federal district courts handling specific types of disputes according to constitutional guidelines and federal law.
Step-by-step explanation:
An aggrieved party may bring a private enforcement action in a state or federal district court under several conditions. For instance, individuals may sue federal government officials for violations of their constitutional rights, as established in Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents. Federal district courts are authorized to hear cases that involve a "federal question", including issues related to the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties.
Additionally, they may consider cases based on "diversity of citizenship" where the parties are from different states or a party from a different nation is involved, with claims exceeding $75,000. It's significant to note that in criminal cases, the plaintiff is always the government, whereas in civil cases, the plaintiff is the injured party.
For civil litigation, the Seventh Amendment provides the right to trial by jury where the value in controversy exceeds twenty dollars, signifying the importance of jury trials in the federal court system. However, this right is not absolute, and certain civil cases, especially those involving smaller amounts of money in state courts, may be decided by a judge without a jury.
The judicial power of the United States is also limited by the fact that it cannot extend to suits against one of the United States by citizens of another state or by foreign citizens, thereby providing a check and balance on federal court jurisdiction.