Question

What are the causes of elevate levels of sodium > 145 mEq/L?

a. Fluid overload, liver disease, hyponatremia.
b. Hyperkalemia, fluid overload, adrenal insufficiency.
c. Hypermagnesemia, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency.
d. Hypernatremia; dehydration, kidney disease, hypercortisolism.

Answer 1

Hypernatremia can be caused by water loss, hormonal imbalances, hyperkalemia is associated with renal failure and dehydration, and hypervolemia can be caused by fluid retention in certain medical conditions.

Step-by-step explanation:

Hypernatremia is an abnormal increase of blood sodium. It can result from water loss from the blood, resulting in the hemoconcentration of all blood constituents. Hormonal imbalances involving ADH and aldosterone may also result in higher-than-normal sodium values.

Hyperkalemia occurs in patients in conditions such as renal failure, severe dehydration, and Addison's disease due to decreased excretion of potassium by the kidneys.

Hypervolemia, excessive fluid volume, may be caused by retention of water and sodium, as seen in patients with heart failure, liver cirrhosis, some forms of kidney disease, hyperaldosteronism, and some glucocorticoid steroid treatments.