Final answer:
Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS) is a condition within the larger classification of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which can occur in individuals exposed to alcohol during fetal development. It is characterized by certain abnormal facial features, cognitive impairments, and varying degrees of behavior issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS) is a condition that falls under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which are the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. p-FAS includes some, but not necessarily all, of the symptoms associated with FAS. In particular, individuals with p-FAS may exhibit abnormal craniofacial features, cognitive deficits, and behavioral problems.
Such abnormal craniofacial features may include a combination of small palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, flattened nasal bridge, and a thin upper lip. Height and body weight may also be affected, and these individuals might experience learning difficulties or intellectual impairment. Deleterious effects on physical and mental development are determined by the amount, frequency, and timing of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The critical or sensitive period for organ development is particularly significant, as exposure to alcohol during this time can have pronounced effects. FASDs, however, are entirely preventable by avoiding alcohol while pregnant and when planning to conceive.
Research such as that by Ashley et al. (1999) underscores the irreversible effect alcohol can have when consumed during specific days of gestation in primates, leading to observable facial anomalies. Thus, there is a consensus that there is no safe amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy without potential risk to the fetus. The recommendation is clear: abstain from alcohol to prevent FASD and associated abnormalities.