Final answer:
TLRs generally use MyD88; however, TLR3 uses TRIF, leading to activation of NF-κB and production of type I interferons. T-independent antigens activate B cells through binding repeats and TLR-PAMPs interaction, leading to plasma cells formation.
Step-by-step explanation:
All the TLRs (Toll-like receptors) typically use the adaptor protein MyD88, except for TLR3, which uses TRIF. TLR3, through the TRIF pathway, activates nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), leading to the production of type I interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines. These molecules play a role in the innate immune response, particularly against viral infections.
Regarding T-independent antigens, there are two signals required for T cell-independent activation of B cells: first, the recognition and binding to repeating epitopes on antigens, and second, the interaction of TLRs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Once activated, the B cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells, which are specialized in antibody secretion to fight the pathogens.