Final answer:
A tracheostomy is the permanent surgical opening in the neck through which a patient breathes; it is notably different from temporary intubation used during anesthesia or emergencies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that describes a permanent surgical opening in the neck through which a patient breathes is a tracheostomy. This surgical procedure involves creating an opening (stoma) in the trachea, or windpipe, enabling air to enter and exit the lungs directly. It bypasses the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx which are the typical pathways for inhaled and exhaled air. Tracheostomy is often performed when there is an obstruction in the upper airways or when a patient needs long-term mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing.
During intubation, which is a temporary alternative, a tube is placed into the trachea to maintain an open airway and is used in cases like general anesthesia or emergencies where the airway is blocked. Intubation may also be used when injuries to the respiratory system occur, as it can bypass the injured or obstructed areas. For example, if a patient has sustained an injury that prevents the respiratory system from functioning properly, intubation can allow the patient to breathe until the issue is resolved or a more permanent solution, such as a tracheostomy, is established.