Final answer:
The Constitution grants specifically listed powers known as enumerated powers to the federal government, while implied powers are derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause, as illustrated in the landmark case McCulloch v. Maryland, confirming Congress's broad discretionary powers and the supremacy of federal law.
Step-by-step explanation:
The United States Constitution defines enumerated powers as those specifically listed and granted to the federal government; examples include the power to collect taxes, issue money, regulate trade, and declare war. Implied powers, on the other hand, are not explicitly stated but are inferred to be necessary for the execution of enumerated powers, as established by the Necessary and Proper Clause. A crucial case demonstrating the application of these powers is McCulloch v. Maryland, where the Supreme Court interpreted the authorities of the national government broadly, allowing the establishment of a national bank under the implied powers and reinforcing the principle of national supremacy.
The landmark case McCulloch v. Maryland set significant precedents in United States constitutional law. Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed that Congress had the power to create a national bank, a manifestation of implied powers, and declared that states could not tax federal property, upholding the supremacy of federal law. This outcome confirmed the discretionary power of Congress to achieve its constitutional responsibilities and reinforced the federal government's authority over the states.