Final answer:
Parkinson's disease is the neurological disorder linked to the damage of dopamine-synthesizing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor and cognitive symptoms. d. Parkinson's disease
Step-by-step explanation:
The neurological disorder associated with the damage to substantia nigra neurons that synthesize dopamine is Parkinson's disease.
This neurodegenerative disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, a structure in the midbrain that plays a key role in regulating movement. Symptoms often include tremors, slowed movement, rigidity, balance and posture problems, and can eventually lead to dementia. Treatments aim to increase dopamine levels in the brain, most commonly through the administration of L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine.