Final answer:
Expedient methods for conventional hardening measures include implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures, using chemical neutralization methods, and securing covers with steel nails and rubber washers.
Step-by-step explanation:
Expedient methods used for conventional hardening measures to reduce casualties and damage to collective protection facilities include:
- Implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures: This includes anti-terrorism legislation and measures to ensure the resilience of critical national infrastructure.
- Chemical neutralization methods: These methods are often applied to reduce the damage that effluents may cause upon release to the environment.
- Securing covers with steel nails and rubber washers: In soft rock areas, covers can be secured using steel nails with rubber washers applied on reinforced eyelets along the edges. Rocks or heavy objects can also be opportunistically used.