Final answer:
Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, are critical non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support neurons, provide protection, form myelin, and help maintain homeostasis. They have complex roles, actively participating in neural communication and influencing neuronal function.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neuroglia, or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells in the nervous tissue that provide various forms of support to neurons. The term glia is derived from the Greek word for "glue," hinting at their traditional role as the supportive framework of the nervous system. However, neuroglia have more complex roles which include nutrient transport, forming myelin, maintaining homeostasis, providing protection against pathogens, and modulating synaptic function.
There are several types of glial cells: Astrocytes regulate ion concentration, neurotransmitter uptake, and form the blood-brain barrier; microglia act as the nervous system's immune cells; oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system, respectively. Current research suggests that glia are not just passive support cells but are actively involved in neural communication and can influence neuronal function and plasticity.