Final answer:
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates bone growth primarily by causing the release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which leads to the production and activity of bone cells such as osteocytes. Following a meal, IGF-1 levels rise, prompting protein synthesis in various tissues including bones. Other hormones like thyroxine, sex hormones, and calcitriol complement GH's role in bone growth and maintenance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Growth hormone (GH) plays a critical role in bone growth by stimulating the release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 is responsible for increasing the production of bone cells known as osteocytes.
IGF-1 also promotes the uptake of amino acids which are necessary for the synthesis of new proteins in skeletal muscles, cartilage cells, and osteocytes. This process is vital post-meal when amino acid levels are high. GH is regulated in the body by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin).
Besides GH, other hormones like thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, and calcitriol play supporting roles in stimulating osteoblastic activity and bone matrix synthesis, aiding in bone growth and mineralization. During puberty, the growth spurt is associated with increased activity of these hormones. Calcitriol, derived from vitamin D, is crucial for calcium and phosphate absorption which are vital for healthy bone development.