Final answer:
Systemic effects of inflammation include fever, leukocytosis, and increased levels of plasma proteins; while abscess formation is localized, and decreased plasma proteins are not typical systemic effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
Systemic effects of inflammation include a variety of responses that extend beyond the immediate site of injury or infection. Among those effects:
- Fever is a common systemic effect characterized by an increase in body temperature. This response is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1 (IL-1) that act on the hypothalamus to raise the set point of body temperature, stimulating the immune response.
- Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. During an inflammatory response, certain cytokines promote the production and release of leukocytes from the bone marrow to aid in fighting off infections.
- Increased levels of plasma proteins can be observed during inflammation. Plasma proteins such as acute-phase reactants are produced by the liver and play a role in the inflammatory process, including trapping pathogens and repairing tissue.
- Abscess formation is also related to the inflammatory process but is considered a localized collection of pus rather than a systemic effect.
The systemic effects of inflammation such as fever, leukocytosis, and increased levels of plasma proteins demonstrate the body's integrated response aiming to eliminate the cause of cell damage, clear out necrotic cells and tissues, and establish repair mechanisms. Contrarily, decreased levels of plasma proteins are not typically a systemic effect of inflammation and abscess formation is a localized effect.